عصر حاضر میں مذہبی تنازعات کے اہم محرکات کا تجزیہ

Akhtar, Jamil

Research Article (Vol. 11(12)) 2022

عصر حاضر میں مذہبی تنازعات کے اہم محرکات کا تجزیہ

[ANALYSIS OF THE KEY MOTIVES OF RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS IN CONTEMPORARY PERIOD]

Epistemology: Journal of Islamic Studies

39 References Full access PDF

Abstract

There are societies in which religion has a greater impact than others have, when it comes to political influence. Scholars can define the term religious conflict in different ways however, in all of them, the religious conflict is defined as a disagreement between two or more religious groups. The purpose of this article is to explain why religious conflicts arise and then become so intense that people start calling each other unfair and wrong. Even in some cases, people issue fatwas justifying the killing of anyone who disagrees with their point of view or does not think it is right. Because of pointing out these reasons, people will have a better understanding of them and will be able to avoid misunderstandings, and peace situation may improve as well across the world.

Keywords: Conflict; Peace; Religion; Terrorism; Violence; War

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Title

عصر حاضر میں مذہبی تنازعات کے اہم محرکات کا تجزیہ

Translated Title

ANALYSIS OF THE KEY MOTIVES OF RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS IN CONTEMPORARY PERIOD

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Epistemology: Journal of Islamic Studies

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423:epistemology

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Active

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Research Article

Resource Type (DataCite)

JournalArticle

SEIPID

423:epistemology:2022n20

Language

Urdu

Publication Date

30 Dec 2022

Record Entered On

12 Nov 2026

Last Updated

12 Nov 2026

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Active

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Epistemology: Journal of Islamic Studies

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Probe & Find Forum

ISSN

2519-6480

eISSN

2663-5828

Volume / Issue

11 (12)

Pages

383-404

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Yes

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The issue states December 2022. Day 30 is a user-specified placeholder; the publication day is unverified.

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Social Sciences and Humanities

Religious Studies and Theology

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Open access

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CC BY 4.0

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https://epistemology.pk/assets/uploads/18_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D9%85%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%81.pdf

References 39

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Errol Anthony Henderson. "Culture or Contiguity: Ethnic Conflict, the Similarity of States, and the Onset of Interstate War, 1820 -1989." Journal of Conflict Resolution 41 (1997): 649-668.
Erik Gartzke and Kristian Skrede Gleditsch. "Identity and Conflict: Ties that Bind and Differences that Divide." European Journal of International Relations 12.1 (2006): 53-87.
Zeev Maoz. "Network polarization, network interdependence, and international conflict, 1816–2002." Journal of Peace Research 43.4 (2006): 391-411.
Robert Johns, and Graeme AM Davies. "Democratic peace or clash of civilizations? Target states and support for war in Britain and the United States." The Journal of Politics 74.4 (2012): 1038-1052.
Peter S. Henne. "The Ancient Fire: Religion and Suicide Terrorism". Terrorism and Political Violence 24.1 (2012): 38–60.
A. S. Hornby. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006(.
T. Gyuse and O. Ajene. Conflicts in the Benue Vally (Mahurdi: Selfers Books, 2006).
O. Nnoli (ed). Communal Conflict and Population Displacement in Nigeria: A Research Report (Enugu: Snaap Press Ltd. 2003).
H. Miall. The Peacemakers: Peaceful Settlement of Dispute (London: MacMillian Publishers, 1992).
C. Gotan. "The Concept of Peace and Justice: The Nigerian Experience." In Yaya, L. (ed). Jos Studies. (Nigeria: Fab Anieh (Nigeria) Limited, 2004).
S.S. Aliyu. "The socil Context of Ethno Religious Conflicts in Plateau." In Ityavyar and Gundu (eds). Muslim/Christian Dialogue on Peace in Jos (Nigeria: International Center for Gender and Social Research, 2004).
D. Oyeshola. Conflict and Context Resolution (Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo University Press Limiter, 2006).
M.H. Sa’id. "The Islamic Perspective on Violence." In Ityavyar and Gundu (eds). Muslims/Christians Dialogue on Peace in Jos (Nigeria : International Cebter for Gender and Social Research, 2004).
E.A. Ayandele. External Influence on African Society: Africans in their 19th and 20th Centuries (edited by Jose, C and Godfrey E), (Ibadan: University Press, 1996).
Soerjono Soekanto, Sosiologi Suatu Pengantar (Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 2007).
Mahmud bin Amr al -Zumakhsharī , Al -Kashshāf an Haq āiq Ghw āmiz al -Tanzī l (Beirut: Maktaba Dār al-Kitāb al-Arabī , 1407).
Aḥmad bin Hussain al -Bayhaqī , Sunan al -Kubra (Beirut: D ār al-Kitāb al-Ilmiyyah, 2003), vol. 10, p. 323, H. 20782.
Muhammad Shahrour, Prinsip Dan Dasar Hermeunitika Al -Quran Kontemporer al - Mutarjam, Sahira (Yukyakarta: Al-Saq Printing, 2002) 242.
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Samuel P. Huntington. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), pp.45-48.
Rummel, R. “Is collective violence Correlated with Social Pluralism?” Journal of Peace Research 34.2 (1997): 163-175.
M. Reynal-Querol. "Ethnicity, Political Systems, and Civil Wars." Journal of Conflict Resolution 46.1 (2002): 40-42.
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S. Pearce. "Religious Rage: A Quantitative Analysis of the Intensity of Religious Conflicts." Terrorism and Political Violence 17.3 (2005): 340-341.
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J. Manor. "Organizational Weakness and the Rise of Sinhalese Buddhist Extremism." In Martin R. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (Eds.), Accounting for Fundamentalisms: The Dynamic Character of Movements (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago press, 1994), 730.
M. Juergensmeyer. Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 145-161.
J. Esposito. Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 28.
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The Qur’an.

[1] Lewis Fry Richardson (ed. P. Drazin et al.), The Collected Papers of Lewis Fry Richardson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).

[2] Errol Anthony Henderson. "Culture or Contiguity: Ethnic Conflict, the Similarity of States, and the Onset of Interstate War, 1820 -1989." Journal of Conflict Resolution 41 (1997): 649-668.

[3] Erik Gartzke and Kristian Skrede Gleditsch. "Identity and Conflict: Ties that Bind and Differences that Divide." European Journal of International Relations 12.1 (2006): 53-87.

[4] Zeev Maoz. "Network polarization, network interdependence, and international conflict, 1816–2002." Journal of Peace Research 43.4 (2006): 391-411.

[5] Robert Johns, and Graeme AM Davies. "Democratic peace or clash of civilizations? Target states and support for war in Britain and the United States." The Journal of Politics 74.4 (2012): 1038-1052.

[6] Peter S. Henne. "The Ancient Fire: Religion and Suicide Terrorism". Terrorism and Political Violence 24.1 (2012): 38–60.

[7] A. S. Hornby. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006(.

[8] T. Gyuse and O. Ajene. Conflicts in the Benue Vally (Mahurdi: Selfers Books, 2006).

[9] O. Nnoli (ed). Communal Conflict and Population Displacement in Nigeria: A Research Report (Enugu: Snaap Press Ltd. 2003).

[10] H. Miall. The Peacemakers: Peaceful Settlement of Dispute (London: MacMillian Publishers, 1992).

[11] C. Gotan. "The Concept of Peace and Justice: The Nigerian Experience." In Yaya, L. (ed). Jos Studies. (Nigeria: Fab Anieh (Nigeria) Limited, 2004).

[12] S.S. Aliyu. "The socil Context of Ethno Religious Conflicts in Plateau." In Ityavyar and Gundu (eds). Muslim/Christian Dialogue on Peace in Jos (Nigeria: International Center for Gender and Social Research, 2004).

[13] D. Oyeshola. Conflict and Context Resolution (Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo University Press Limiter, 2006).

[14] M.H. Sa’id. "The Islamic Perspective on Violence." In Ityavyar and Gundu (eds). Muslims/Christians Dialogue on Peace in Jos (Nigeria : International Cebter for Gender and Social Research, 2004).

[15] E.A. Ayandele. External Influence on African Society: Africans in their 19th and 20th Centuries (edited by Jose, C and Godfrey E), (Ibadan: University Press, 1996).

[16] Soerjono Soekanto, Sosiologi Suatu Pengantar (Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 2007).

[17] Mahmud bin Amr al -Zumakhsharī , Al -Kashshāf an Haq āiq Ghw āmiz al -Tanzī l (Beirut: Maktaba Dār al-Kitāb al-Arabī , 1407).

[18] Aḥmad bin Hussain al -Bayhaqī , Sunan al -Kubra (Beirut: D ār al-Kitāb al-Ilmiyyah, 2003), vol. 10, p. 323, H. 20782.

[19] Muhammad Shahrour, Prinsip Dan Dasar Hermeunitika Al -Quran Kontemporer al - Mutarjam, Sahira (Yukyakarta: Al-Saq Printing, 2002) 242.

[20] Muhammad Hussain Al -Zahbī , al -Tafsī r wal -Mufassirun (Cairo: D ār al -Hādī th,

[21] Salim bin Ubayd al -Ashjai, Al-Musnad al-Jama’i, (Maktaba Shamila New Edition), vol. 6, p. 154.

[22] Ibn Jarir al-Tabarī , Jami al-Bayan fi Taweel al-Qur’ān (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 2000), p. 77.

[23] Muhammad Ali al -Sābounī , Safwa al -Tafsī r (Cairo: D ār al-Sābouni for Publishing and Distribution, 1997), p. 316.

[24] Muslim bin al-Hajjaj, Sahih Muslim (Beirut: Dār Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi, 1985), vol.

[25] Samuel P. Huntington. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), pp.45-48.

[26] Rummel, R. “Is collective violence Correlated with Social Pluralism?” Journal of Peace Research 34.2 (1997): 163-175.

[27] M. Reynal-Querol. "Ethnicity, Political Systems, and Civil Wars." Journal of Conflict Resolution 46.1 (2002): 40-42.

[28] J. Fox. Religion, Civilization and Civil War: 1945 Through the New Millennium (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2004), 31.

[29] S. Pearce. "Religious Rage: A Quantitative Analysis of the Intensity of Religious Conflicts." Terrorism and Political Violence 17.3 (2005): 340-341.

[30] M. D. Toft. "Getting Religion? The Puzzling Case of Islam and Civil War." International Security 31.4 (2007): 97–131.

[31] R. Wentz. Why people do bad things in the name of religion (Georgia: Mercer University Press, 1987), 13.

[32] B. Hoffman. Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 86.

[33] Scott M. Thomas. "Religion and International Conflict." In Dark. K (Ed.), Religion and International Relations (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), 1-2.

[34] Vivek S. Sharma. "What Makes a Conflict 'Religious'?." National Interest (Feb. 20, 2018). Retrieved October 20, 2022, from https://nationalinterest.org/feature/what-makes-conflict-religious-24576?page=0%2C1

[35] J. Manor. "Organizational Weakness and the Rise of Sinhalese Buddhist Extremism." In Martin R. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (Eds.), Accounting for Fundamentalisms: The Dynamic Character of Movements (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago press, 1994), 730.

[36] M. Juergensmeyer. Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 145-161.

[37] J. Esposito. Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 28.

[38] N. A. Sandal, and J. Fox. Religion in International Relations Theory: Interactions and Possibilities (London: Routledge Studies in Religion and Politics, 2013), 86.

[39] The Qur’an.

عصر حاضر میں مذہبی تنازعات کے اہم محرکات کا تجزیہ

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