Framing the Sīrah: Representations of Prophet Muḥammad in Introductory Texts on Islam by Contemporary Western Islamicists

Parray, Tauseef Ahmad; Dar, Owais Manzoor

doi:10.52541/isiri.v64i4.7333

Research Article (Vol. 64(4)) 2025

Framing the Sīrah

Representations of Prophet Muḥammad in Introductory Texts on Islam by Contemporary Western Islamicists

Islamic Studies

1 Cited by 66 References Full access

Abstract

This paper closely examines the representation of the Prophet Muḥammad (peace be on him) in four widely used introductory textbooks on Islam authored by leading Western Islamicists William E. Shepard, John L. Esposito, Daniel W. Brown, and Alexander Knysh. These texts, published by leading academic presses and widely adopted in university curricula, serve as the primary intellectual entry point through which students and non-specialist readers gain an understanding of Islam. Despite their prominence, relatively little attention has been paid to how the sīrah of the Prophet is constructed in these texts. This article attempts to fill this gap by addressing three interrelated questions: What frameworks are used to render the Prophet comprehensible within these textbooks? How is the sīrah translated, condensed, and reconfigured in textbook form? And what methodological and epistemological assumptions inform these portrayals? In addressing these questions, the study does not seek to adjudicate questions of accuracy or normative adequacy. Rather, it aims to illuminate the discursive structures, methodological choices, and epistemic commitments that shape contemporary academic representations of the Prophet. The analysis draws on a well-established distinction between the “historical Muḥammad” as constructed in modern Western historiography, and the “Muḥammad of faith” as preserved within the Islamic tradition. By situating textbook representation at the intersection of these paradigms, this study examines the epistemological tensions that arise when a sacred biography is presented within a secular academic framework. The paper concludes that many academic representations continue to oscillate between reductive historicism and sympathetic engagement, often reproducing what Matthew Dimmock terms “the misrepresentation of a biography.”

Keywords: sīrah; Prophet Muḥammad; contemporary Western Islamicists; introductory texts

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Framing the Sīrah

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Representations of Prophet Muḥammad in Introductory Texts on Islam by Contemporary Western Islamicists

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Islamic Studies

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Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad

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References 66

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Görke, Andreas. “Muhammad.” In The Wiley Blackwell Concise Companion to the Hadith, edited by Daniel W. Brown, 75-90. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118638477.ch4.
Gruber, Christiane, and Avinoam Shalem, eds. The Image of the Prophet between Ideal and Ideology: A Scholarly Investigation. Boston: De Gruyter, 2014.
Gunny, Ahmad. The Prophet Muhammad in English and French Literature: 1650 to the Present. Leicestershire: The Islamic Foundation, 2010.
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Knysh, Alexander. Islam in Historical Perspective, 3rd ed. New York: Routledge, 2025.
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Lowin, Shari. Review of A New Introduction to Islam, by Daniel Brown; An Introduction to Islam, by David Waines; and Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices, by S. A. Nigosian, The Journal of Religion 86, no. 1 (2006): 164-66.
Malik, Aadil Hussain. “Modern Western Trends in Sirah Writing: An Assessment of John V. Tolan and Craig Considine’s Approach.” Hamdard Islamicus 47, no. 2 (2024): 9-36. https://doi.org/10.57144/hi.v47i2.605.
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Nyang, Sulayman S., Mumtaz Ahmad, and Zahid Bukhari. “Introduction.” In Observing the Observer: The State of Islamic Studies in American Universities, edited by Mumtaz Ahmad, Zahid Bukhari, and Sulayman Nyang. London: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2012.
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Parray, Tauseef Ahmad. “Contemporary Western Scholarship on Islam: An Appraisal of Selected ‘Introductory’ Reference Works on Islamic History.” Analisa: Journal of Social Science & Religion 6, no. 2 (2021): 253-74.
Parray, Tauseef Ahmad. “Debates on Tradition and Modernity in the Subcontinent.” In The Routledge International Handbook of Contemporary Muslim Socio-Political Thought, edited by Lütfi Sunar, 59-72. New York: Routledge, 2021.
Parray, Tauseef Ahmad. “Focusing Socio-Political Reforms of the Prophet (Peace Be on Him): An Appraisal of Yasin Mazhar Siddiqui’s Sirah Works.” Quarterly Insights 2, no. 2-3 (2010): 263-302.
Parray, Tauseef Ahmad. “How to Rethink Islamic History as a Civilization?” Kashmir Life, May 24, 2025, https://kashmirlife.net/rethinking-islamic-history-civilizational-lens-392013/.
Parray, Tauseef Ahmad. “Islamic History through a ‘Civilizational Perspective’: Reading Alexander Knysh’s ‘Islam in Historical Perspective.’” Review of Islam in Historical Perspective, by Alexander Knysh, Traversing Tradition. July 28, 2025. https://traversingtradition.com/2025/07/28/islamic-history-through-a-civilizational-perspective-reading-alexander-knyshs-islam-in-historical-perspective/.
Parray, Tauseef Ahmad. “Islamic History through a Western Lens: A Critical Analysis of Key Introductory Works (2010-2025).” Hamdard Islamicus 48, no. 2 (2025): 9-37. https://doi.org/10.57144/hi.v48i2.1287.
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Rafiq, Ayesha. “Orientalism and Western Academia: An Introductory Study.” Oriental College Magazine 89, no. 4 (2014): 3-12.
Sanni, Amidu Olalekan. Review of Islam: A New Historical Introduction, by Carole Hillenbrand. Muslim World Book Review 37, no. 2 (2017): 23-26.
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Scharbrodt, Oliver. Review of A New Introduction to Islam, by Daniel Brown. Marburg Journal of Religion 10, no. 1 (2005): 1-3.
Schrode, Paula. “Between Critics and Caretakers: Current Introductions to Islam.” Religion 46, no. 2 (2016): 247-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2016.1138630.
Sertkaya, Suleyman. “A Critical and Historical Overview of the Sirah Genre from the Classical to the Modern Period.” Religions 13 (2022): 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13030196.
Shepard, William E. Introducing Islam. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2014.
Strausberg, Michael, and Steven Engler. “Textbooks in the Study of Religion/s: Introducing a New Feature Series.” Religion 43, no. 2 (2013): 131-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2013.781882.
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Waines, David. Review of Islam in Historical Perspective, by Alexander Knysh. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 75, no. 2 (2012): 382-84.

[1] Abdul Wahid, Muhammad. “From Orientalism to Neo-Orientalism: Medial Representations of Islam and the Muslim World.” Textual Practice 39, no. 2 (2023): 162-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/0950236X.2023.2288112.

[2] Abou El Nagah, Hadeer. “Imaging Prophet Mohammed and the Orient Prototype in English Biographies.” Arab World English Journal 8, no. 1 (2015): 80-91. https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol6no2.6.

[3] Al-Olaqi, Fahd Mohammed T. “Image of the Messenger Muhammad (peace be on him) in the English Literature: From Early Middle Ages to the Present.” Quarterly Insights 2, no. 4 (2010): 29-100.

[4] Al-Olaqi, Fahd Mohammed Taleb. “Western Polemic Writings about Prophet Muhammad’s Prophethood.” Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 3, no. 5 (2016): 138-56. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.35.2001.

[5] Arjana, Sophia Rose. Buying Buddha, Selling Rumi: Orientalism and the Mystical Marketplace. London: Oneworld Academic, 2020.

[6] Armstrong, Karen. Islam—A Short History. New York: The Modern Library, 2006.

[7] Ashrof, V. A. Mohamad. “How Orientalism Fuels Islamophobia?” CounterCurrents.org. July 22, 2024. https://countercurrents.org/2024/07/how-orientalism-fuels-islamophobia/.

[8] Bennett, Clinton. “Chronology.” In The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies, edited by Clinton Bennett, 283-310. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013.

[9] Bennett, Clinton. Studying Islam: The Critical Issues. New York: Continuum, 2010.

[10] Brockopp, Jonathan E. ed. The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

[11] Brown, Daniel W. A New Introduction to Islam, 3rd ed. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2017.

[12] Daniel, Norman. Islam and the West. Oxford: Oneworld, 1997.

[13] Denny, Frederick M. An Introduction to Islam, 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2006.

[14] Dimmock, Matthew. Mythologies of the Prophet Muhammad in Early Modern English Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

[15] Esposito, John L. Islam: The Straight Path, 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.

[16] Esposito, John L. What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.

[17] Esposito, John L., ed. Oxford History of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

[18] Ettuveettil, Irshad. “Western Sirah Literature from Inception to Contemporary Developments: A Historical Analysis.” Islamic Insights 7, no. 2 (2024): 11-33.

[19] Fitzpatrick, Coeli, and Adam Hani Walker, eds. Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God, 2 vols. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC CLIO, 2014.

[20] Gibb, H. A. R. Muhammedanism: A Historical Survey. London: Oxford University Press, 1961 (1949).

[21] Görke, Andreas, ed. Muhammad: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, 4 vols. London: Routledge, 2015.

[22] Görke, Andreas. “Introduction: Images of Muhammad in the Course of Time.” In Muhammad: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, edited by Andreas Görke, 4 vols. London: Routledge, 2015.

[23] Görke, Andreas. “Muhammad.” In The Wiley Blackwell Concise Companion to the Hadith, edited by Daniel W. Brown, 75-90. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118638477.ch4.

[24] Gruber, Christiane, and Avinoam Shalem, eds. The Image of the Prophet between Ideal and Ideology: A Scholarly Investigation. Boston: De Gruyter, 2014.

[25] Gunny, Ahmad. The Prophet Muhammad in English and French Literature: 1650 to the Present. Leicestershire: The Islamic Foundation, 2010.

[26] Hallaq, Wael B. Restating Orientalism: A Critique of Modern Knowledge. New York: Columbia University Press, 2018.

[27] Hammerbeck, David. “Voltaire’s Mahomet: The Persistence of Cultural Memory and Pre-Modern Orientalism.” Agora: An Online Graduate Journal 2, no. 2 (2003): 1-20.

[28] Hodgson, Marshall. The Venture of Islam, 3 vols. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1974.

[29] Hughes, Aaron W. Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013.

[30] Hughes, Aaron W. Situating Islam: The Past and Future of an Academic Discipline. Oakville, CT: Equinox Publishing, 2007.

[31] Islam, Faisal, and Zahid H. Bukhari. “Islam 101: A Survey of ‘Introduction to Islam’ Courses in American Colleges and Universities.” In Observing the Observer: The State of Islamic Studies in American Universities, edited by Mumtaz Ahmad, Zahid Bukhari, and Sulayman Nyang, 178-218. London: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2012.

[32] Khalidi, Tarif. Images of Muhammad: Narratives of the Prophet in Islam across the Centuries. New York: Random House, 2009.

[33] Khan, Saeed Sharafat, and Fahd Mohammed Taleb al-Olaqi. “Western Image of Muhammad (PBUH) as a Prophet.” Trames: A Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 24, no. 1 (2020): 71-94.

[34] Kidwai, Abdur Raheem. “Review Article: The Divine Message and the Exemplary Messenger: Contemporary Scholarship on the Twin Beacons of Guidance.” The Muslim World Book Review 41, no. 4 (2021): 5-16.

[35] Kidwai, Abdur Raheem. Images of the Prophet Muhammad in English Literature. New York: Peter Lang, 2018.

[36] Kidwai, Abdur Raheem. Orientalism in English Literature: Perception of Islam and Muslims. New Delhi: Viva Books, 2016.

[37] Knysh, Alexander. Islam in Historical Perspective, 3rd ed. New York: Routledge, 2025.

[38] Lawrence, Bruce B. “Review Essay: Introducing Islam or Reviling Muslims?” Contemporary Islam 2, no. 1 (2008): 85-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-007-0037-4.

[39] Lowin, Shari. Review of A New Introduction to Islam, by Daniel Brown; An Introduction to Islam, by David Waines; and Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices, by S. A. Nigosian, The Journal of Religion 86, no. 1 (2006): 164-66.

[40] Malik, Aadil Hussain. “Modern Western Trends in Sirah Writing: An Assessment of John V. Tolan and Craig Considine’s Approach.” Hamdard Islamicus 47, no. 2 (2024): 9-36. https://doi.org/10.57144/hi.v47i2.605.

[41] Muir, Sir William. The Life of Mahomet, 4 vols. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1861.

[42] Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, ed. The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary. New York: HarperCollins, 2015.

[43] Nyang, Sulayman S., Mumtaz Ahmad, and Zahid Bukhari. “Introduction.” In Observing the Observer: The State of Islamic Studies in American Universities, edited by Mumtaz Ahmad, Zahid Bukhari, and Sulayman Nyang. London: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2012.

[44] Parray, Tauseef Ahmad. “21st Century Western Scholarship on ‘Islamic History’: An Evaluation of Some Selected Recent Works.” The Freelancer (New Delhi), January 25, 2021. https://www.thefreelancer.co.in/eng/?p=83#_edn1.

[45] Parray, Tauseef Ahmad. “Contemporary Western Scholarship on Islam: An Appraisal of Selected ‘Introductory’ Reference Works on Islamic History.” Analisa: Journal of Social Science & Religion 6, no. 2 (2021): 253-74.

[46] Parray, Tauseef Ahmad. “Debates on Tradition and Modernity in the Subcontinent.” In The Routledge International Handbook of Contemporary Muslim Socio-Political Thought, edited by Lütfi Sunar, 59-72. New York: Routledge, 2021.

[47] Parray, Tauseef Ahmad. “Focusing Socio-Political Reforms of the Prophet (Peace Be on Him): An Appraisal of Yasin Mazhar Siddiqui’s Sirah Works.” Quarterly Insights 2, no. 2-3 (2010): 263-302.

[48] Parray, Tauseef Ahmad. “How to Rethink Islamic History as a Civilization?” Kashmir Life, May 24, 2025, https://kashmirlife.net/rethinking-islamic-history-civilizational-lens-392013/.

[49] Parray, Tauseef Ahmad. “Islamic History through a ‘Civilizational Perspective’: Reading Alexander Knysh’s ‘Islam in Historical Perspective.’” Review of Islam in Historical Perspective, by Alexander Knysh, Traversing Tradition. July 28, 2025. https://traversingtradition.com/2025/07/28/islamic-history-through-a-civilizational-perspective-reading-alexander-knyshs-islam-in-historical-perspective/.

[50] Parray, Tauseef Ahmad. “Islamic History through a Western Lens: A Critical Analysis of Key Introductory Works (2010-2025).” Hamdard Islamicus 48, no. 2 (2025): 9-37. https://doi.org/10.57144/hi.v48i2.1287.

[51] Parray, Tauseef Ahmad. “On Reading John Esposito’s Islam—The Straight Path.” Greater Kashmir, January 14, 2021, 7.

[52] Parray, Tauseef Ahmad. “Presenting ‘Islamic History’ through a ‘Civilizational Perspective.’” Greater Kashmir, May 22, 2025. https://www.greaterkashmir.com/opinion/presenting-islamic-history-through-a-civilizational-perspective/.

[53] Parray, Tauseef Ahmad. 21st Century Trends and Approaches in Islamic Scholarship: Critical Reviews on 125 Recent Books. Aligarh: Brown Books, 2023.

[54] Parvez, Saulat. “Muslim Intellectual History: A Survey” American Journal of Islam and Society 39, no. 3-4 (2022): 206-272.

[55] Rafiq, Ayesha. “Orientalism and Western Academia: An Introductory Study.” Oriental College Magazine 89, no. 4 (2014): 3-12.

[56] Sanni, Amidu Olalekan. Review of Islam: A New Historical Introduction, by Carole Hillenbrand. Muslim World Book Review 37, no. 2 (2017): 23-26.

[57] Sanseverino, Ruggero Vimercati. “Secularization and Conflicting Images of the Prophet in Contemporary Islam: The Critical Meaning of Prophetology according to ‘Abd al-Halim Mahmud (1910–78).” In Transfer and Religion: Interactions between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century, edited by Alexander A. Dubrau, Davide Scotto, and Ruggero V. Sanseverino, 353-83. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2020.

[58] Sarrio, Diego. Review of A New Introduction to Islam, by Daniel Brown. Islamochristiana 35 (2009): 333-36.

[59] Scharbrodt, Oliver. Review of A New Introduction to Islam, by Daniel Brown. Marburg Journal of Religion 10, no. 1 (2005): 1-3.

[60] Schrode, Paula. “Between Critics and Caretakers: Current Introductions to Islam.” Religion 46, no. 2 (2016): 247-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2016.1138630.

[61] Sertkaya, Suleyman. “A Critical and Historical Overview of the Sirah Genre from the Classical to the Modern Period.” Religions 13 (2022): 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13030196.

[62] Shepard, William E. Introducing Islam. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2014.

[63] Strausberg, Michael, and Steven Engler. “Textbooks in the Study of Religion/s: Introducing a New Feature Series.” Religion 43, no. 2 (2013): 131-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2013.781882.

[64] Tieszen, Charles. The Christian Encounter with Muhammad: How Theologians Have Interpreted the Prophet. London: Bloomsbury, 2021.

[65] Tolan, John V. Faces of Muhammad: Western Perceptions of the Prophet of Islam from the Middle Ages to Today. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2019.

[66] Waines, David. Review of Islam in Historical Perspective, by Alexander Knysh. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 75, no. 2 (2012): 382-84.

Framing the Sīrah

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