Poetry of Bābā Farīd: A Historical and Thematic Analysis

Jamal, Muhammad Tanveer; Khan, Abdul Zahoor

doi:10.52541/isiri.v61i1.1393

Research Article (Vol. 61(1)) 2022

Poetry of Bābā Farīd

A Historical and Thematic Analysis

Islamic Studies

1 Cited by 72 References Full access

Abstract

Shaikh Farīd al-Dīn Mas‘ūd Ganj-i Shakar (569/1173-664/1265) is one of the celebrated Chishtī Sufis of the Indian subcontinent. Chishtī order is credited with several seminal literary innovations in Medieval Islamic India. Bābā Farīd is considered the father of Punjabi poetry. He also had a great command of other languages including Persian and Arabic. The present study explores the contemporary sources that interacted with Bābā Farīd’s couplets. An effort has also been made to explore the originality of the Ashlōk-i Shaikh Farīd included in the Guru Granth. The study is a unique endeavour to conceptualize and examine the thematic connection of Bābā Farīd’s poetry with his life, teachings, and metaphysical thoughts preserved in biographical compendia.

Keywords: Bābā Farīd; poetry; Sufis; ashlōk; Guru Granth; meditation

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Poetry of Bābā Farīd

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A Historical and Thematic Analysis

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Islamic Studies

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421:islamicstudies:2022n5

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English

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31 Mar 2022

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10 Nov 2026

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10 Nov 2026

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Islamic Studies

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Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad

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0578-8072

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2710-5326

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61 (1)

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85-110

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Religious Studies and Theology

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10.52541/isiri.v61i1.1393

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References 72

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[2] The Ādi Granth. Translated by Ernest Trumpp. London: WM. H. Allen & Co., 1877.

[3] Ahmad, Saeed. “Baba Farid: The Pioneer of Punjabi Sufi Poetry.” In Sufism in Punjab: Mystics, Literature, and Shrines, edited by Surinder Singh and Ishwar Dayal Gaur, 196-213. New Delhi: Aakar Books, 2009.

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[6] Anand, Balwant Singh. Bābā Farīd. Lahore: Suchet Kitab Ghar, 2001.

[7] Anjum, Tanvir. “Vernacularization of Islam and Sufism in South Asia: A Study of the Production of Sufi Literature in Local Languages.” Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan 54, no. 1 (2017): 209-26.

[8] Awliyā’, Niẓām al-Dīn. Rāḥat al-Qulūb. Delhi: Maṭba‘-i Mujtabā, 1891.

[9] Aẓhar, Ẓahūr Aḥmad. Ma‘ārif-i Farīdiyyah: Dīvān-i Bābā Farīd al-Dīn Ganj-i Shakar. Lahore: Ma‘ārif al-Awliyā’, 2005.

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[40] Kāshānī, Majd al-Dīn. Gharā’ib al-Karāmāt. Unpublished manuscript preserved in the personal collection of Ramaḍān Mu‘īnī, Taunsa, Dera Ghazi Khan.

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[42] Khān, Muḥammad Āṣif. Ākhiyā Bābā Farīd Nē. Lahore: Pakistan Punjabi Adabi Board, 1978.

[43] Lāhōrī, Ghulām Sarvar. Ḥadīqat al-Auliyā’. Lahore: Tasawwuf Foundation, 2000.

[44] Lāhōrī, Ghulām Sarvar. Khazīnat al-Aṣfiyā’. Lucknow: Newal Kishore, n.d.

[45] Krishna, Lajwanati Rama. Punjabi Sufi Poets: A.D. 1460-1900. Karachi: Indus Publication, 1977.

[46] Kushtah, Maulā Bakhsh. Panjābī Shā‘irāṇ dā Tadhkirah. Lahore: Maula Bakhsh Kushta & Sons, 1960.

[47] Macauliffe, Max Arthur. The Life of Shaikh Farīd I and the Compositions of Shaikh Farīd II Contained in Granth Sahib of Sikhs. Lahore: Artistic Printing Works, 1903.

[48] Maḥmūd, Farīd al-Dīn. Surūr al-Ṣudūr wa Nūr al-Budrūr. Translated by Muḥammad ‘Alī Hāshimī. Rajasthan: Maktabah-i Hāshimiyyah, 1425 AH.

[49] Mas‘ūd, Waḥīd Aḥmad. Savāniḥ-i Ḥażrat Bābā Farīd Mas‘ūd Ganj-i Shakar. Karachi: Pak Academy, 1965.

[50] Mirza, Shafqat Tanveer. Adab Rāhīṇ: Panjābī dī Tārīkh. Lahore: Punjabi Adabi Board, 1989.

[51] Mirza, Shafqat Tanveer. Resistance Themes in Punjabi Literature. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1992.

[52] Mujeeb, Mohammad. The Indian Muslims. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1967.

[53] Murādābādī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Anvār al-‘Ārifīn. Bareilly: Maṭba‘-i Ṣiddīqī, 1872.

[54] Mushtāq, Munshī Jīshī Rām. Irshadāt-i Farīdī. Lahore: Allāh Vālē kī Qaumī Dukān, 1951.

[55] Niyāzī, Maḥmūd. “Bābā Farīd kē Ashlōk.” In “Ḥażrat Bābā Farīd Ganj-i Shakar.” special issue, Munādī 83, no. 1 (2009): 93-95.

[56] Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad. The Life and Times of Shaikh Farid-u’d-Din Ganj-i-Shakar. Delhi: Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i-Delli, 1973 [1955].

[57] Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad. The Life and Times of Shaikh Farid-u’d-Din Ganj-i-Shakar, rev. ed. Delhi: Idarah-i-Adabiyat-Delli, 2009.

[58] Niẓāmī, Khavājah Muslim. Anvār al-Farīd. Pakpattan: Idārah-i Taṣawwuf, 1965.

[59] Qaiser, Shahzad. Culture and Spirituality: The Punjabi Sufi Poetry of Baba Farid-ud-Din Masud Ganj-i-Shakar as Recorded in Guru Granth Sahib. Lahore: Suchet Kitab Ghar, 2017.

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Poetry of Bābā Farīd

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