Countering Violent Extremism through Narrative Building in Pakistan

Mahmood, Kashif

doi:10.52541/isiri.v61i1.2273

Research Article (Vol. 61(1)) 2022

Countering Violent Extremism through Narrative Building in Pakistan

Islamic Studies

56 References Full access

Abstract

An analytical study of violent extremism reveals that criminal law’s deterrence theory is ineffective in curbing irrational behaviours of ideologically disoriented men. Such behaviours are mostly the outcomes of circumstances where subjectivities of hate, fear, anguish, zeal, and passion override the punitive objectivity of laws. Sociopolitical and ideological violence is the systematic behaviours of the masses to express chronic agonies emerging from the scarcity of their basic human needs including dignity, the pursuit of happiness, social justice, and common wealth. These values mostly revolve around an ultimate conception of equality that is hard to accomplish in ethnically or socially polarized societies because the legal systems in these societies are meant more to enforce coercive public order than to construct a collective conception of justice.

Keywords: cognitive anomalies; post-rational crimes; amygdala hijack; radical criminology; de-radicalization; hybrid warfare; social engineering

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Countering Violent Extremism through Narrative Building in Pakistan

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Islamic Studies

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421:islamicstudies

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Research Article

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421:islamicstudies:2022n4

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English

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31 Mar 2022

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10 Nov 2026

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10 Nov 2026

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Islamic Studies

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Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad

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0578-8072

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2710-5326

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61 (1)

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63-84

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Religious Studies and Theology

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10.52541/isiri.v61i1.2273

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References 56

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District Bar Association, Rawalpindi and others v. Federation of Pakistan, PLD 2015 SC 401.
Dyzenhaus, David. “Schmitt v. Dicey: Are States of Emergency Inside or Outside the Legal Order?” Cardozo Law Review 27, no. 5 (2006): 2020-30.
The Fair Trial Act, 2012; The Protection of Pakistan Act, 2014.
Feinberg, Myriam. “International Counterterrorism, National Security and Human Rights: Conflicts of Norms or Checks and Balances?” The International Journal of Human Rights 19, no. 4 (2015): 388-407.
Forst, Brian. Terrorism, Crime and Public Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Forster, Gina L., Andrew M. Novick, Jamie L. Scholl, and Michael J. Watt. “The Role of the Amygdala in Anxiety Disorder.” In The Amygdala: A Discrete Multitasking Manager, edited by Barbara Ferry, 61-102. London: Intech Open, 2012. doi:10.5772/50323.
Freeman, Michael. “Order, Rights and Threats: Terrorism and Global Justice.” In Human Rights in the ‘War on Terror,’ edited by Richard Ashby Wilson, 37-56. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Glazzard, Andrew. “Losing The Plot: Narrative, Counter-Narrative and Violent Extremism.” International Center for Counter Terrorism-The Hague (2017): 3-16.
Grant, Thomas D. “Defining Statehood: The Montevideo Convention and Its Discontent.” Columbia Journal of Transnational Law (1999): 405-40.
Hadnagy, Christopher. Social Engineering: The Art of Human Hacking. Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing, 2011.
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Heinelt, Hubert, David Sweeting, and Panagiotis Getimis, eds. Legitimacy and Urban Governance: A Cross-national Comparative Study. New York: Routledge, 2006.
Hollin, Clive R. Psychology and Crime: An Introduction to Criminological Psychology. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2006.
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Krunglanski, Arie W. The Psychology of Closed Mindedness. Sussex: Taylor & Frances Books, 2004.
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Patel, Faiza, and Meghan Koushik. Countering Violent Extremism. New York: Brennan Center for Justice, 2017.
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Singer, Margaret T., and Janja Lalich, Cults in Our Midst: The Hidden Menace in Our Everyday Lives. New Jersey: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1996.
Staub, Ervin. “The Roots of Evil: Personality, Social Conditions, Culture and Basic Human Needs.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 3 (1999): 179-92.
Teson, Fernando R. “Liberal Security.” Human Rights in the ‘War on Terror,’ edited by Richard Ashby Wilson, 57-77. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
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Zaka, M. Rashid Mafzool, ed. Drafting and Assessing Legislation. Islamabad: Pakistan Institute for Parliamentary Services, 2012.
Zeiger, Sara. Undermining Violent Extremist Narratives in South East Asia. Abu Dhabi: Hedayah, 2016.
Zia-ul-Haq, Muhammad. “Qaumī Bayāniyah: Taṣawwur aur Lā’iḥah-i ‘Aml.” Fikr-o Nazar 57, nos. 1-2 (2019): 257-313.

[1] Afridi, Manzoor Khan, Musab Yousufi, and Musa Khan. “Military Operation as a Response to Terrorism: A Case Study of Malakand Division Pakistan.” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 5, no. 20 (2014): 2000-06.

[2] Anti-Terrorism, Act, 1997 (XXVII of 1997).

[3] The Pakistan Army (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007.

[4] Bernard, Thomas J. “The Distinction between Conflict and Radical Criminology.” The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 72, no. 1 (1981): 362-79.

[5] Borum, Randy. “Radicalization into Violent Extremism I: A Review of Social Science Theories.” Journal of Strategic Security 4, no. 4 (2011): 7-36.

[6] Borum, Randy. “Radicalization into Violent Extremism II: A Review of Conceptual Models and Empirical Research.” Journal of Strategic Security 4, no. 4 (2011): 37-62.

[7] Campbell, Colm. “Beyond Radicalization: Towards an Integrated Anti-Violence Rule of Law Strategy.” In Counter-Terrorism: International Law and Practice, edited by Ana Maria Salinas De Frias, Katja Samuel, and Nigel White. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.

[8] The Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Act, 2015.

[9] Council of Islamic Ideology and International Islamic University, Islamabad, Dukhtran-e-Pakistan. Islamabad: Iqbal International Institute for Research and Dialogue, 2019.

[10] Dekeseredy, Walter S. Contemporary Critical Criminology. New York: Routledge, 2011.

[11] Paigham-e-Pakistan. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, 2018.

[12] District Bar Association, Rawalpindi and others v. Federation of Pakistan, PLD 2015 SC 401.

[13] Dyzenhaus, David. “Schmitt v. Dicey: Are States of Emergency Inside or Outside the Legal Order?” Cardozo Law Review 27, no. 5 (2006): 2020-30.

[14] The Fair Trial Act, 2012; The Protection of Pakistan Act, 2014.

[15] Feinberg, Myriam. “International Counterterrorism, National Security and Human Rights: Conflicts of Norms or Checks and Balances?” The International Journal of Human Rights 19, no. 4 (2015): 388-407.

[16] Forst, Brian. Terrorism, Crime and Public Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

[17] Forster, Gina L., Andrew M. Novick, Jamie L. Scholl, and Michael J. Watt. “The Role of the Amygdala in Anxiety Disorder.” In The Amygdala: A Discrete Multitasking Manager, edited by Barbara Ferry, 61-102. London: Intech Open, 2012. doi:10.5772/50323.

[18] Freeman, Michael. “Order, Rights and Threats: Terrorism and Global Justice.” In Human Rights in the ‘War on Terror,’ edited by Richard Ashby Wilson, 37-56. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

[19] Glazzard, Andrew. “Losing The Plot: Narrative, Counter-Narrative and Violent Extremism.” International Center for Counter Terrorism-The Hague (2017): 3-16.

[20] Grant, Thomas D. “Defining Statehood: The Montevideo Convention and Its Discontent.” Columbia Journal of Transnational Law (1999): 405-40.

[21] Hadnagy, Christopher. Social Engineering: The Art of Human Hacking. Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing, 2011.

[22] Hart, H. L. A. The Concept of Law. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005.

[23] Stokes, Eric. The English Utilitarians and India. Oxford: Claredon University Press, 1963.

[24] Hassan, Steven. Releasing the Bonds: Empowering People to Think for Themselves. Danbury CT: Aitan Publishing Company, 2000.

[25] Heinelt, Hubert, David Sweeting, and Panagiotis Getimis, eds. Legitimacy and Urban Governance: A Cross-national Comparative Study. New York: Routledge, 2006.

[26] Hollin, Clive R. Psychology and Crime: An Introduction to Criminological Psychology. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2006.

[27] The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Center of Excellence on Countering Violent Extremism Act, 2021, Act no. XVIII of 2021.

[28] Krunglanski, Arie W. The Psychology of Closed Mindedness. Sussex: Taylor & Frances Books, 2004.

[29] Kundnani, Arun. A Decade Lost: Rethinking Radicalization and Extremism. Enlighten: Claystone, 2015.

[30] Islamic Republic of Pakistan through Secretary, Ministry of Interior and Kashmir Affairs Islamabad v. Abdul Wali Khan, MNA, Former President of Defunct National Awami Party, PLD 1976 SC 57.

[31] Liaquat Hussain v. Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1999 SC 504, 581, 589-590, 595, 598.

[32] Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training, Government of Pakistan, “Single National Curriculum Implemented Across Pakistan,” October 14, 2021. http:/ /snc.mofept.gov.pk/TopStoryDetail/.

[33] Moghadam, Fathali M. “The Staircase to Terrorism: A Psychological Exploration.” American Psychologist 60, no. 2 (2005): 161-69.

[34] Mumtaz Ali Bhutto v. The Deputy Martial Law Administrator Karachi, PLD 1979 Karachi 307.

[35] Niaz Ahmad v. Province of Sindh, PLD 1977 Karachi 604, 657, 661-62, 667.

[36] The Pakistan Army (Amendment) Act, 2015.

[37] Patel, Faiza, and Meghan Koushik. Countering Violent Extremism. New York: Brennan Center for Justice, 2017.

[38] Perera, Amrith Rohan. International Terrorism. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1997.

[39] Perryman, Benjamin. War Crimes in Internal Armed Conflicts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

[40] Reynolds, John. “The Long Shadow of Colonialism: The Origins of the Doctrine of Emergency in International Human Rights Law.” Comparative Research in Law & Political Economy 6, no. 5 (2010): 15-20.

[41] Richards, Julian. Extremism, Radicalization and Security: An Identity Theory Approach. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.

[42] Rossi, Jim. “State Executive Law Making in Crisis.” Duke Law Journal 56 (2006): 237-77.

[43] Rossiter, Clinton L. Constitutional Dictatorship: Crisis Government in the Modern Democracies. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1948.

[44] Saul, Ben. “Criminality and Terrorism.” In Counter-Terrorism: International Law and Practice, edited by Ana Maria Salinas De Frias, Katja Samuel, and Nigel White, 133-170. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.

[45] Schmid, Alex P. “Al-Qaeda’s ‘Single Narrative’ and Attempts to Develop Counter-Narratives: The State of Knowledge.” International Center For Counter-Terrorism, The Hauge-Resreach Paper (January 2014): 1-38. http://www.icct.nl/app/uploads/download/file/Schmid-Al-Qaeda's-Single-Narrative-and-Attempts-to-Develop-Counter-Narratives-January-2014.pdf

[46] Siedman, Ann, Robert B. Siedman, and Nalin Abeysehere, Legislative Drafting for Democratic Social Change. London: Klumar Law International., 2001).

[47] Shashi Jayakumar, ed. Terrorism, Radicalization & Countering Violent Extremism: Practical Considerations & Concerns. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.

[48] Singer, Margaret T., and Janja Lalich, Cults in Our Midst: The Hidden Menace in Our Everyday Lives. New Jersey: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1996.

[49] Staub, Ervin. “The Roots of Evil: Personality, Social Conditions, Culture and Basic Human Needs.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 3 (1999): 179-92.

[50] Teson, Fernando R. “Liberal Security.” Human Rights in the ‘War on Terror,’ edited by Richard Ashby Wilson, 57-77. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

[51] Than, Claire de, and Edwin Shorts, International Criminal Law and Human Rights. London: Sweet & Maxwell Limited, 2003.

[52] Thompson, Peter G. Armed Groups: The 21st Century Threat. London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Groups, 2014.

[53] Walklate, Sandre. Understanding Criminology: Current Theoretical Debates. Berkshire: Open University Press, 2007.

[54] Zaka, M. Rashid Mafzool, ed. Drafting and Assessing Legislation. Islamabad: Pakistan Institute for Parliamentary Services, 2012.

[55] Zeiger, Sara. Undermining Violent Extremist Narratives in South East Asia. Abu Dhabi: Hedayah, 2016.

[56] Zia-ul-Haq, Muhammad. “Qaumī Bayāniyah: Taṣawwur aur Lā’iḥah-i ‘Aml.” Fikr-o Nazar 57, nos. 1-2 (2019): 257-313.

Countering Violent Extremism through Narrative Building in Pakistan

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